cacao tree whose fruit produces chocolate

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cortejo court, entourage

añil Indigo plant from which purple dye was extracted

surtir to sprout, spurt, _____ efecto = have desired effect

aldehuela de Maracaibo refers to Indian village after which Venezuela

is named

Venecia Venezuela named after Vencia (little Venice)

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sin tregua without truce, letup

charqui Quechua term for dried meat from which we get

the term "beef jerky" (ever wonder how beef was

"jerked"?)

desde el pique "from the high point" of something

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bayas berry, small fruit with seeds; pole to separate horses

facón large knife (Argentina); usually used by Gauchos

artesas wooden bowl; trough in which doe or bread is baked

talar to cut down forests

fazenda Portuguese term for hacienda or large farm

Dom Pedro II last emperor of Brazil; died 1889

restregarse las manos to rub hands together nervously

fastuoso proud, haughty, gaudy

pésimo of bad quality

Jorge Amado most widely read Brazilian novelist today;

Trianón famous cabaret

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en almendra almond

zozobra tumult, noise, buzzing

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huso spindle around which thread is wound in a loom

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resucitar to revive from the dead, resuscitate

desgranar to shell or shuck, as in corn

enfardar to bag; (fardo is a bag)

Anderson Clayton, Cía US multinational firm

Grace y Cía major US multinational firm; founded in Perú as a

shipping line to transport Peruvian guano to England;

founders were British but moved to US in 1870s. Grace

and Company was one of first US-British multinational

firms; a descendant, Peter Grace, was a Reagan advisor

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no obstante never the less

medianería a land rent divided between two parties; similar to a

share cropping arrangement in US

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desenfrenada literally without "brakes" or without restraint

cacería the hunt

peregrinación pilgrimage

São Paulo industrial capital of modern Brazil; bandeirantes were

from state of São Paulo

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Alta Vera Paz Indigenous region in Guatemala

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Carlos Lleras Restrepo Liberal president of Colombia

Getulio Vargas two term president of Brazil; committed suicide

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ganga bargain

FOB "freight of board";

embudo funnel

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quina Quechua term for chinchona bark from which quinine

to combat malaria is extracted

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sosiego tranquillity, calmness

mesura measure, means, in moderation

"la violencia" period of extreme political violence in Colombia,

1948 - 1958; violence continues with narcotraficantes

Jorge Eliécer Gaitán liberal party politician who won 1948 elections; his

assassination by conservatives sparked Bogotazó

"Bogotazo" 1948 violent street riot in Bogotá which sparked the

period of la violencia, 1948 - 1958; estimated 300,000

Colombians died during this period from violent means

liberales vs conservadores principal political party division in Colombia

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recluirse to shut up, seclude

desahogo ease, alleviation from affliction, release

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caño small stream

río Magdalena principal river of Colombia

agobiantes oppressed or ground down

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grana cochineal cactus from which a red dye was extracted

nopal type of cactus from which dyes were extracted

Justo Rufino Barrios 1870s Central American politician; backed coffee

culture

pudrideros rotting place, fermenting pit, (refers to El Escorial, where

royalty of Spain is buried; bones are placed in the pudridero

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deglutir to swallow