Página 15

Ecúmene inhabited part of the earth, i.e., the known world at the time

Desafío challenge

nave boat, ship

cáscara de nuez nut shell

arrojar to throw, hurl, emit, bring forth, spew

"mares tenebrosos" literally: dark, unknown seas

estar al acecho to lie in wait, ambush

tallado sculptured, carved

carecer to lack, be lacking

Almirante del mar océano Admiral of the Ocean Sea, title bestowed on

Columbus by the Catholic Kings

Cipango Japan

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agotarse to wear out, exhaust, use up, drain

"del mas puro oriente" (oriente here refers to the "luster" of the pearl)

Gran Khan Kublai The Great Khan or ruler of China visited by Marco Polo

fulgurante flashing, splendor, brilliance

especias spices

jengibre ginger (spice)

clavo de olor aromatic cloves

nuez moscada nutmeg

canela cinnamon

codiciado coveted

Los Reyes Católicos The Catholic Kings, Fernando of Aragón and Isabel of

Castille

filones vein, seam, lode (refers to mining)

"Reconquista" refers to the Spanish reconquest of the Iberian peninsula

from the Moslems (711 — 1492)

Fernando de Aragón husband of Isabel la Católica

Isabel la Católica Queen of Spain, wife of Fernando de Aragón

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Santa Inquisición The Holy Inquisition of Spain

Hazaña deed

Castilla province of Castilla; new world belonged to Castilla

Papa Alejandro VI Spanish pope who awarded the Catholic Kings the

discoveries of Columbus in the new world.

adiestrado trained

diezmar to decimate

"Requerimiento" literally the "requirement", which was a proclamation

which was read out loud to the Indians before they were

forced to submit to the Spanish forces during the conquest.

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yugo yoke

redención redemption, surrender

herejía heresy

huestes hordes

Bernal Díaz del Castillo Spanish soldier who accompanied Cortéz in the

Conquest of México. Wrote famous account of

the conquest entitled Verdadera historia de la

conquista de México.

Hernán Cortéz Conqueror of México, wrote Cartas de relación

Atalón de San Salvador site of first landing by Columbus

mancebos youth, young men

"Diario de Navegación" Columbus’ account of discovery of New World

vide old Spanish form of "vi".

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Américo Vespucio Italian map maker and explorer for whom America

takes its name.

Lorenzo de Médicis Renaissance merchant prince

despecho spite, dispair

señorío dominion

epopeya epic, epic poem

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hidalgos caballeros petty nobility (literally "sons of something")

El dorado the mythical "golden man"

Gonzalo Pizarro one of the conquerors of Perú and Ecuador; brother

Of Francisco

espejismo mirage

Potosí colonial silver mine in present-day Bolivia

1519 — 1521 Conquest of México

Francisco Pizarro Conquerer of Perú

Inca Atahualpa Last Inca emperor; from Ecuador; brother of

Huáscar

Página 21

arrancado snatched, torn away from (stolen)

instrumentos de labranza tools to work the land

Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo official Spanish historian of the conquest; wrote

To justify Spanish actions in the Indies

Tenerife capital city of the Canary Islands

presagio omen, sign, token

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advinada guessed

adelantados literally a military "vanguard"; refers to the front

line of Spanish conquerors in the Indies

tripulación crew of a ship

diezmo the tenth portion of something; tithe

patronato universal "universal patronage", refers to traditional right of

pope to name the bishops; this right was granted to

the Catholic Kings, thus subjecting the Catholic

Church to the secular authority of the monarchy.

Martim Alfonso de Sousa Portuguese conqueror of Brazil

Vasco Núñez de Balboa Spanish explorer, credited with "discovery" of the

Pacific Ocean in 1513

Magallanes Portuguese explorer on the payroll of the Spanish

monarchy; his ships were first to sail around the

world (1519 — 1522)

Pedro de Alvarado Spanish conqueror, accompanied Cortez in the

conquest of Mexico; conqueror of Guatemala

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Pedro de Valdivia Spanish conqueror of present-day Chile

El Chaco forested region lying on the borders of Bolivia

and Paraguay; famous for "quebracho" or iron

wood forests from which the leather tanning

extract tannin is made

Tenochtitlán ancient Aztec capital city; modern Mexico City

was built on its ruins

Cuzco ancient capital city of the Incas

Cajamarca Inca city in present day Perú where Pizarro

ambushed the Inca Emperor Atahualpa

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Quetzalcoatl ancient Aztec cultural god; Aztecs confused

Cortez with Quetzalcoatl

Huiracocha ancient Inca deity; Incas confused Pizarro with

Huiracocha

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Tlaxcaltecas Mexican tribe which was subject to Aztecs;

Against their Aztec masters and aided Cortez

in the conquest of Mexico

Huáscar "legitimate" Emperor of the Incas; murdered

by his half-brother Atahualpa

atónito astonished

cascabel rattle; also refers to "culebra cascabel"

penachos banners

Tecum Guatemalan Mayan chief and warrior who was

by Alvarado during the conquest.

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Arreos adornments; piece of harness

Santiago, Patrón de España Patron Saint of Spain: Santiago y Cierre España

was official Spanish battle cry

potro colt

Darcy Ribeiro Brazilian sociologist

Página 27

"Como unos puercos hambrientos ansían el oro"

voces de los vencidos voices of the conquerored

Códice Florentino one of the few surviving Mayan hieroglyphic

codices

macana Indian war club

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Nehaib Ixquín Mayan war chief

coto de malla coat of armor

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Zócalo plaza mayor in any Spanish town; refers to Mexico City’s

central plaza, built upon the ruins of Tenochtitlán

Cuauhtémoc Aztec warrior chief; took over the defense of Tenochtitlán

after the death of Moctezuma

herradura horse shoes

garito gambling den; gambling profits

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Potosí Colonial silver mining center in Bolivia

Zacatecas Colonial silver mining center in Mexico

Guanajuato Colonial silver mining center in Mexico

Abarcar to embrace, take in, include, encompass, surround

"ley mas baja" refers to the degree of purity of a particular metal

Casa de Contratación literally the "Contracting House" in Seville which

was the Spanish center of trade with the New

World. All of the mining shipments from the

New World entered Spain via the Guadalquivir

River to Seville.

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arrebatado reckless, rash, impetuous

triturar abuse, mistreat, tear to pieces

acreedores creditors

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Los Fugger German banking house which financed Carlos V

European wars

Los Welser German merchant banking house involved in

Colonial cocoa trade in Venezuela

Latifundio large feudal landholding estate in Latin America

Colbert 1619 — 1683; Minister of Finance for Louis 14th

Página 36

Séquito followers

Los Hapsburgo Spanish royal house, 1519 — 1700; followed by the

House of Bourbon, which is the currently royal

family in Spain

adalid military commander in chief; leader (from Arabic)

Felipe II son of Carlos V; 1556 - 1598

Contra Reforma Counter Reformation; championed by Spanish

El Escorial mausoleum constructed by Felipe II; all Spanish

royal family is buried there.

Faldas del Guadarrama slopes of the Guadarrama mountains where the

Escorial is located; one hour from Madrid

Página 37

undido smelted, fused, mixed (of metals)

Inquisición Spanish Inquisition

Torquemada Inquisitor General of Spain

Guerra de los Comuneros (1521, Burgos) revolt against Habsburg monarchy;

crushed by Carlos V, paving the way for royal

absolutism

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Rentistas financier, bondholder, person who lives off of income

from landed estates or stocks and bonds (i.e., a person

of independent means who doesn’t work!)

señores de horca y cuchillo landed elite

hidalguía patent of minor nobility

Página 39

telar loom

tejido textile

encaje lace

tela cloth

brocado brocade

lienzo linen, linen cloth

al colmo in abundance, to the limit, maximum

paños cloth

aranceles tariffs

Página 40

artífices craftsmen, artists

Cervantes author of Don Quijote de la Mancha

nobleza de capa y espada fighting nobility (cape and sword)

pícaro vagabond, beggar

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1700 (fin de la dinastía de los Hapsburgo)

baldío empty, vacant, uncultivated (usually refers to landholdings)

Los Borbones current Spanish royal house; 1700 - present

clero clergy

mayorazgo primogeniture; usually refers to the heir of a landed estate

also first born male heir

Manzanares river which flows through Madrid

Tajo important Spanish river

Página 42

jinete horseman, rider

sepultamiento burial

albores the dawn; at the beginning of an era

intercambio desigual uneven or unequal exchange

Ernest Mandel Marxist political economist

Página 43

Salto a la acumulación de capital industrial

sellar to seal; to stamp, i.e., mint money

incubar incubate

rapiña rapine, robbery

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surcar to furrow, plough a field (or the sea!)

Página 45

Paul Baran Marxist political economist

Celso Furtado Brazilian sociologist

mercaderes merchants

usufructo use, usufruct

suntuarios luxury goods, items (conspicuous consumption)

Página 46

herencia inheritance

atraso backwardness, delay, tardiness

Sergio Bagú Marxist political economist

Página 47

Alexander von Humboldt German natural scientist and explorer; visited New

World at end of 18^th century and wrote extensively

of his travels

plebeyo plebian, of the people, lower class

despampanantes dumbfounding, upsetting, disturbing

encomenderos holder of an encomienda or large estate, including the

ownership of the Indian who lived on the estate

látigo whip

bienes raíces urbanos urban real estate

hato large hacienda or cattle ranch (Venezuela)

Página 47

metrópoli refers to the "center" or dominant imperial power in

dependency theory

Página 48

André Gunder Frank Marxist political economist

signada signed, marked

auge boom, acme, vogue, apogee

abastecer to supply, provide, provision

Huancavélica colonial mercury mines (Perú)

Página 49

mitayo form of Indigenous communal labor under the Incas

which was converted into a type of forced labor by

the Spanish colonial authorities

jactarse to boast

chal shawl

chaleco vest, short jacket

escombros ruins

estaño tin

Página 50

colcha de retazos bedspread, quilt

llamperos

palliris

relumbrón flash of bright light

veta vein of minerals, lode

venero source, origin, mark lode

orfebre goldsmith, silversmith, worker in precious metals

cinceladores sculptor, engraver, stonecutter

platería silver work

repujado embossed

ebanista cabinetmaker

yeso plaster, chalk, plaster cast, plaster of Paris

Página 51

retablo altar

talla cut, carving, engraving, size\

cálices chalices

párroco parish priest

Tiahuanaco ancient archaeological site in the Andean highlands

considered the cradle of both the Incan and Aymaran

civilizations

signo escalonado

kantuta Inca royal flower

Barroco americano

Cariátides caryatid (Greek architectural term for draped female

figure supporting an entablature

Página 52

cirio candle

fuegos de artificio fireworks

curanderismo, brujería witchcraft

tamarindo a tropical fruit; tamarind

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azahar orange or lemon blossom

cabeza de choclo ear of corn

rampante rampant

solventar to settle, pay up (what one owes), solve a problem

querellas disputes, arguments, quarrels

escurrirse to drip, ooze, trickle, slid, slip

duende goblin, ghost

tahur gambler, cheat

tómbola charity raffle

Página 54

fastuosa vain, pompous, magnificent

quinta the "royal fifth", i.e., the fifth part or 20% of all the mineral

wealth of the New World belonged to the Spanish crown

Virreinato Viceroyalty; in the New World the two main ones were

Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) and the Viceroyalty of

Peru

sede center, seat of power

opíparo sumptuous, magnificent (banquet)

transeúntes transient, transitory, passers-by

vajilla table setting

tañido sound, tone, twang of a guitar

sublevación uprising, revolt

motín riot

leguleyo pettifogger, i.e., phony lawyer, anyone excessively legalistic

enclenque weak, feeble, sickly person

quevedos eyeglasses; named after inventor Francisco de Quevedo, better

known as Golden Age author of El Buscón

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altísima ley refers to the high level (ley) of mineral content of a metal

pico y pala pick and shovel

Página 56

palenques de gallos pallisade, arena;….de gallos = place where cock fights

were held

ajuar trousseau

esmero great care, cleanliness, neatness

engullir to gulp down, swallow

segado cut down, i.e. with a swath

Página 57

derrochar to waste, squander

Lucas Alemán 19^th century Mexican economist and philosopher, president

gravámenes burden, obligation, encumbrance (lien), tax

languidecer to languish