16. 58 "El Deramiento de la Sangre y de las lágrimas: y sin embargo El Papa había Resuelto que los Indios tenían alma"

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Felipe II hijo de Carlos V; rey de España, 1558 - 1598

aniquilado annihilated

a la intemperie out in the open (exposed to the elements)

súbdito subject (in political sense)

la quinta real the royal fifth or 20 % of all mineral wealth of the New

World was reserved for the crown

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oscilar to oscillate

aniquilamiento annihilation

tinta dye

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batir to mix, beat, defeat in battle

Domingo de Santo Tomás Spanish cleric; wrote first Quechua language

grammar

Rodrigo de Loaysa Spanish priest

repartimiento literally "distribution", i.e. distribution of Indian lands

and Indian labor to Spanish overlords

Recopilación de Leyes de Indias first collection of Laws of the Indies

legajos legal documents

estallar to erupt, break out

"se acataba pero no se cumplía" famous phrase in the Indies; refers to fact

the Spanish colonists paid only "lip service" to the royal

laws and decrees; i.e., they recognized the laws but didn’t

obey them

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es menester it is necessary

Concolorcorvo literally "with the color of the crow", i.e., black; pen name a mestizo author in Perú who wrote of conditions in the

Viceroyalty of Perú at the end of the colonial period. Very

critical of the Spanish administration

azogue mercury or quick silver

barreta small bar, lining of a shoe, helmet

mita refers to system of forced labor inherited from Incas;

Spanish colonists converted the mita into a form of

obligatory slave labor for the Indian communities

amalgama amalgam

Virrey Viceroy; top legal representative of the king in the

Indies. Main viceroys were in New Spain (Mexico)

and in Lima

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda official royal historian; opponent of Las Casas,

who defended Indian rights. Sepulveda argued that

the Spaniards had a legal right to enslave Indians

Buffón French count 1707 - 1788; proponent of racist theories

Voltaire 1694 - 1788; French philosopher of the Enlightment

Bacon, DeMaistre, Montesquieu, Hume Philosophers of the Enlightment

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Bula del Papa Paulo III (1537)

Bartolomé de las Casas Spanish colonist to Santo Domingo; angered by

Colonists treatment of Indians became a priest to denounce

Spanish treatment of Indians; widely known as the first

defender of Indigenous rights for his well known book

Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias which

became the basis for the "leyenda negra" of Spain’s

inhumane treatment of the Indians

encomienda originally a grant of Indians to individual Spanish colonists

for the purpose of providing them with religious instruction;

its abuse converted the encomienda into system of legalized

enslavement of the Indians to individual Spanish landowners

who used the encomienda system as a system of forced

labor

mercedes reales system of royal land grants to colonists; formed basis for

the system of large land holdings which later developed

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guaraní original Indian inhabitants of Paraguay; also refers to

language

apogeo high point, apex

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trepanaciones Inca practice of trepanation, or the surgical drilling of

holes in the human skull to treat a variety of disorders

acequia irrigation ditch

yuca manioc root

maní peanut

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andenes elevated terraces or platforms; word which Spaniards

gave to Inca practice of cultivating the slopes of the

Andes mountains, from which they derive their name

Tenochtitlán ancient Aztec capital; situated on site of present-day

Mexico City

inusitadamente unusually

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embate sudden impetuous attack

esquirla splinter of a bone

horca gallows

bando proclamation, decree

corregidor real colonial official

predicar to preach

arenga harangue

sometido a suplicio subjected to torture

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antojo whim, desire

pecaminoso sinful

General JuanVelasco Alvarado (1968 - 1975) military dictator of Perú;

proclaimed agrarian reform in benefit of Indians

Miguel Hidalgo parish priest in Mexico; led Indigenous revolt against

Spanish crown, 1808; his insurrection began with the

famous Grito de Dolores, which initiated Mexican

war for Independence from Spain

José María Morelos ally of Hidalgo in War of Independence

Virgen de Guadalupe Patroness of Mexico

honda slingshot

Página 71: "La semana santa delos Indios Termina sin Resurrección"

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Revolución boliviana de 1952 refers to revolt led by Bolivian tin

miners and the MNR (Movimiento Nacional

Revolucionario); you will read more of this

story in Si me permiten hablar….

Pongo literally "door" in Quechua; refers to Indian

domestic labor on haciendas

hincarse to kneel

cabalgaduras beasts of burden (mounts)

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Aimares refers to the Aymara speaking population of the

Bolivian highlands; related to Quechuas

Quechuas Quechua speakers of the Andean highlands;

language of the Incas

tardo slow, dull, ineffective, lazy

neumoconiosis silicon poisoning from working in mines

polvo de sílice silicon dust

Carlos III reforming Bourbon king of Spain; mid 18^th century

calcado counter drawing, tracing

Virrey Toledo Francisco de Toledo; one of most respected of Spanish

Viceroys

con mesura with moderation

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cesto basket

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentarios Reales son of a Spanish conquorer

and a mother of royal Inca lineage; wrote famous

Royal Commentaries, which depict the last days of the

Inca monarchy and are the best source for ancient

history of the Inca emperors

río Bluefields river in Nicaragua

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estorbar to disturb, hinder, bother

yaquis Indian tribe in Yucatán peninsula; deported en masse to

on foreign owned hemp plantations by Porfirio Díaz

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reyes del henequén refers to the owners of the large hemp or burlap plantations

in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula

Churrúas original Indigenous inhabitants of modern Uruguay

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Castelo Branco Brazilian military dictator, mid 1960’s

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paludismo malaria

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remiso remiss, careless, indolent

triturada pulverized, cut to pieces

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Villa Rica deOuroPreto: La Potosí del Oro

estragos ravages, waste, havoc, destruction

tenazmente tenaciously

aluvión gold placer

bandeirantes bands of wandering brigands who conquered the interior

of Brazil in the 18^th century

lecho river bed

filón any vein of precious minerals

arcilla clay

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Minas Gerais literally "general mines", i.e., the area where gold was

first discovered in Brazil and for which the province is

named

Salvador de Bahía first capital city of Brazil

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sotana priest’s habit or cloak

clérigos maus "clérigos malos" or bad priests

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despojado deprived of something by force

escatimar to curtail, lessen, clip

derroche extravagant wastefulness

súbita suddenly

fulgurante blazing, shining

nácar mother of pearl

gaita bagpipe

gavilán hawk

amenudo often, frequently

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apoplejía apoplexy

Capitaes do mato literally "Captains of the Jungle"

Luanda refers to Angola, Portuguese slave trading center

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soberano sovereign

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José Joaquim da Silva Xavier "Tiradentes" Tiradentes, as his name implies,

was a "dentist" who led the first revolt against royal

authority in Brazil

"Contribución del oro deBrazil al progreso de Inglaterra"

Tratado de Methuen, 1703, Portugal y Inglaterra

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rebotar to rebound, bounce, have repercussions

Marqués de Pombal Portuguese royal administrator who is credited with

efforts to initiate modernizing reforms during the

colonial period

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impertérritas intrepid, dauntless, unafraid, fearless

Hanna Mining Co US mining company owned by Mark Hanna, the

advisor to President McKinley

Dom João V Portuguese monarch

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centellear to sparkle, throw off sparks

Antonio Francisco Lisboa "Aleijadinho" famous Brazilian sculptor

tullidito literally "little crippled one"; refers to fact that Aleijadinho

was handicapped