今日は　何曜日ですか

先週の週末　何かしましたか　

L. 3 毎日　の　せいかつ

Grammar I: Introduced the other 3 types of Verbs:

Transitive Verbs with を　and　で　

Motion Verbs with へ or　に

Loc/Existence Verbs, Thing/Person が Loc にあります／います

 

Grammar II Using Xが　あります Also Means "There is/I have"

しゅくだいが　あります= I have homework

じゅぎょうが　あります= I have a class

Grammar III: (p. 106)

Fixing a Point in Time with に = at, in, on

十時に　10:00 に　

月曜日に = on Monday(s)

九月に = in September

The point in time could even be a Year like

２０１８ 年　に = In 2018

Or, something specific like class start time:

9:10 に = at 9:10; or

8:40 に

Some examples:

毎あさ　何時に　起きますか

毎ばん　何時に　寝ますか

何時に　じゅぎょうが　ありますか　

日本語　の　じゅぎょうは　何時　に　ありますか　

今日 は　ぶん学の　じゅぎょうが　ありますか　

何時　に 　ありますか　

ばんごはん　は　何時に　食べますか　

Question Word: いつ = When

いつ　行きますか　

３時　に　行きます/あした／今週／今日

But, remember, quite a few words DON'T take に (see list p. 90)

いつ、今日、あした、あさって、あさ、ひる、ばん,

今ばん、

All of the 毎 Words (Every):

毎日

毎あさ

毎ばん

毎週 (Every week)

Words with Prefix This/Last, etc. 今／先

今週 = this week

先週 = last week

今週　の　週末= This weekend

先週の　週末 = Last weekend　

きのう = yesterday

おととい = day before yesterday

So, it means we don't say things like "on today," or "on yesterday," "on every evening," "on last weekend," etc. We just don't use the specificity of a に with these more general or "Relative Time Expressions."

Grammar IV: Adverbs of Frequency p. 111

いつも、

たいてい、

よく、

時々

= all affirmative sentences

あまり、

ぜんぜん

= must end with a negative

Grammar V: Past of ますformsーーー＞ました／ませんでした

[So the Past always ends in た;

So in the Plain past we see non-ます た forms like:

食べた、見た、寝た、

書いた、聞いた、入った、分かった

読んだ、飲んだ、行った、帰った]

Lesson 4: Location Words - Key Sentence:

このへんに　ぎんこうが　ありますか In other words,

Some Place に Some thing が　あります

I. これ、それ、　あれ、どれ？　and

II.　ここ、そこ、　あそこ、　どこ？　(142) to add to our List of

Ko-So-A-Do Items

Asking Where something is (located)?

X　は　どこ に　ありますか　

Ans = Some Loc に　あります

In this pattern, the THING or PERSON we are talking about, what comes before the は, appears first, then it is Situated or Located with the verb of Existence/Location あります／います.

Or, how about

テレビ　は　　あそこ　に　あります.

As for the TV, it is over there.

If we use this Loc に　あります pattern in a question, we would ask:

ぎんこうは　どこ に　ありますか = Where is the Bank?

A reliable way to respond is to retain the に　あります pattern and just put the Location in FRONT of the に　あります.

Answer:

そこ　に　あります. = It's (located) there.

テレビ　は　　どこ　に　ありますか. = Where is the TV?

あそこ　に　あります. = It's (located) over there.

NOTE: When we are locating PEOPLE, we have to use a different but related verb, います.

います is the Location/Existence verb for PEOPLE.

v.

あります which can only be used only for INANIMATE OBJECTS or Things

So, if います is used for living things, for people and animals, pets, how do we say,　

X-さん is here.

ここに　X−さんが　います. Or,

X-さんは　ここに　います。Or,

あそこに　いぬが　います = Over there, there is a dog.

Or,

Some Person/Pet は　Some Loc に　います.

ねこは　そこに　います = The Cat is there. OR,

そこに　ねこが　います =

In that Location, there is a cat.

スミスさんは 　そこに　います= Smith-san is there.

田中さんは 　ここに　います = Tanaka-san is here.

Who is there (in that location)?

そこに　だれが　いますか。

Answer, Some Person が　います。

あります and います are verbs of EXISTENCE (there is) or LOCATION so they are about WHERE something or someone is.

The LOCATION is indicated/followed by に

As Nakama explains in the Notes on p. 143,

You cannot use で in this structure because で indicates a location at which an Event or Activity (を-Verb action) takes place. When you are merely asking or indicating the LOCATION of a building or object, no activity is implied.

No event or action means no で!

II. A Basic Pattern:

Thing が　Reference Noun の　Location Word に　あります／います

本が　　　　　　　つくえの　　　上に　　　　　あります

= The Book is on Top of the Desk

Location Words See L. 5 pp. 182-187

上 = above, on top of

下 = below, underneath

中 = inside

そと = outside

うしろ = behind

まえ = in front of

みぎ = to the Right

ひだり = to the Left

となり = next to, same category

よこ = next to, alongside, different categories

Exercise I １７０ページを　見て下さい：

Q：テレビは　どこに　ありますか。

A：おしいれ　の　まえいに　あります。

つくえの上に　何が　ありますか。

ソファーの　まえに　何が　ありますか。

え　は　どこに　ありますか。

本だな　の　上に　何が　ありますか。

まどのそとに　何が　いますか。

つくえの　上に　何が　ありますか。

つくえの　ひだり(Left) に　何が　ありますか。

しゃしんは　どこですか。

しゃしんの上に　何が　ありますか。

おしいれの　中に　何が　ある　と　おもいますか。

ベッドの上に　何が　いますか。

つくえの　まえに　何が　ありますか。

Exercise II １４０ページを　見て下さい：

A. へや

本や　は　どこに　ありますか。

びょういんは　どこですか。

えき の まえに　何が　ありますか。

こうえんは　どこですか。

カフェは　どこに　ありますか。

ぎんこうは　どこに ありますか。

＊＊＊

A-さんの　となりに　B-さんがいます。

B-さん　の　うしろに　A-さんが　います。

Grammar III: Our first look at ADJECTIVES

i.e., words that DESCRIBE something or someone, e.g.,

large, small, new, old, red, blue, white, etc.

In Japanese, as in English, the Adjective can come BEFORE the Noun such as,

--the old building 　古い　たてもの　

Sentence:

The Dorm is an Old Building

りょう は　古い　たてもの　です

(As for the Dorm, it is an Old Building)　

 

い-Adj + Noun:

--the large house 　　　大きい 家

--the small school 　　　小さい　学校

--the new hospital 　　　新しい

--the old supermarket 　古い

Or, they can come AFTER the Noun, probably at the end of the sentence:

--the house is large　家は　大きい　です

--the school is small　学校は　小さい　です

--the hospital is new

--the supermarket is old

Some Practice - see Textbook p. 149 Activity 1:

私の　りょうは＿＿＿__たてもの　です　

My Dorm is a ____(Adj) Building

Insert "Old"

In Japanese, there are two main types of Adjectives:

I. い-Adjectives end in い combined with "a, i, u, and "o" sounds BUT, notice, NOT with the "e" + い sound combination, so words like

きれい、and ゆうめい　are not い-Adjectives.

There are two identifying characteristics of い-Adjectives:

1. い-Adjectives are inflecting words, that is, they can change. They are "malleable."

Also, when they appear right before nouns, nothing is required in between the い-Adjective and the Noun such as a の when we join two nouns.

私　の　先生　

先生　の　ペン

But with い-Adjectives, they can be directly attached or "affixed" to the Noun:

大きい　大学、

小さい　学校、

古い　かばん、

新しい　ペン

高い　たてもの

とても いい 先生

When we have one Noun linked to another like 先生 and ペン, we must have something in between these two nouns, because Nouns are "hard," uninflecting words. e.g., 先生 and ペン

You cannot change a Noun (or a na (な) adjective); they are NOT malleable.　

So, what is that something that goes between two Nouns?

You know it! We saw it above: it is a の.

(See Ch. 2, Note III, pp. 53-54)

But with い-Adjectives we do not need ANYTHING between the final い and the Noun. They are flexible and "soft."

That is why い-Adjectives are so much fun! And maybe a "cool" way to think about い-Adjectives is that they are kind of like a piece of Clay or Playdough that you line up next to a Noun which is something solid like a Rock. You can mold your clay or playdough, stick it onto the Rock directly, pinch a small piece off at the end, reshape the substance whatever.

By contrast, a な-Adjective is like a Block of Wood that you are placing right next to you Rock/Noun. You can't do anything to it. Is is solid, It is a block. But we cannot have a Block of Wood and Rock right adjacent to each other without something in between.

Like a N1 のN2 or 　

な＋Noun in case of な-Adjective.

BTW, remember that Verbs in their Plain Form as Modifers are the Same as い-Adjectives = nothing required to between them and a Noun.

あした　来る　人 = The oerson who will come tomorrow　

あそこ　に　いる　人 = The person who is over there

すしを　食べている　男の人 = The man who is eating sushi

And BTW, since you are getting an exposure to Plain Past (V-た) forms of Verbs, they can also Modify Nouns directly, too:

きのう　来た　人　

あそこに　いた　人　

すしを　食べていた　男の人　

先生と話した人= The person who spoke with Sensei; If you want to go with "was speaking to" you would say 話していた

2. い-Adjectives can also inflect or change into the negative form. How?

The rule is, drop the final い, replace it with a く, and then + add

the NEGATIVE FORM ありません or ない です:

大きいーーー＞大きく　ありません／ないです = Not large　

古いーーー＞古く　ありません／ないです = Not old

新しいーーー＞新しく　ありません／ないです　

高い ーーー＞高く　ありません／ないです

**Note a Variation: for いい we use a variant よい

いい--->よいーーーよく　ありません

So, taking よい, we still Drop the Final い, replace with く+ and then add the ありません or ない です

Please remember! Just inflecting the Adjective into the く form is NOT the negative yet. You need to add the ありません or ないです to complete the negation. We saw in L. 11 that we use the く form of Adjectives with なる or するto say that something BECOMES or WE MAKE IT....Whatever the Adjective would suggest

II. な-Adjectives are the second type of Adjective. They are Nominal Adjectivals or Noun Adjectives which means that they adjectival in their meaning and function: they modify/describe a situation or a noun.

But, unlike い-Adjectives, they DO NOT inflect. They are your Blocks of Wood! So grammatically, they are not really "pure" adjectives. Think of them as Hybrids, a Noun-Adjective Combo!

1. But, because they do not inflect, between な-Adjectives and a noun we DO need to have something.

Between Noun 1 + Noun 2 = we use の

私 の　家= my house

大学 の 先生 = the professor of the university

先生 の　ペン = Sensei's pen

上田さん　の　じゅぎょう = Ueda-san's class

But with な-Adjectives since we are not linking 2 Nouns, we use な instead of の.

Think of it as maybe a "compromise": we can't use の and we can't have nothing there, so it's な by default.

So, we have:

きれい な　大学 = a pretty university

りっぱ な　学校 = a splendid or magnificent school　

ゆうめい な　先生 = a famous professor　

しずかなりょう = a quiet dorm

Possibly you could think of な as a special form, a variant of の reserved for these Hybrid Nominal Adjectivals.

Which is why we call them な-Adjectives.

2.When な-Adjectives go into the negative form, we cannot use the く+ ありません Negative form because we cannot inflect these Nominal Adjectivals with a くlike we do with い-Adjectives.

な-Adjectives are "hard" or rigid, inflexible words: They are that solid block of wood, a 2 x 4! Structurally, they are, in fact, a type of Noun; as such, they cannot be "inflected" or altered.

So we must go with exactly the same way that we would negate a Noun like

"Not a Sensei" = 先生　じゃ　ありません

So, な-Adjectives inflect into their Negative Form=

りっぱ　じゃ　ありません = It's not "rippa."

きれい　じゃ　ありません

ゆうめい　じゃ　ありません

 

We learned how to say that something is NOT SO by saying そう　じゃ　ありません; but in this case the そう, though an Adverb, is just like Noun in that it can't be inflected; we cannot Change it, so we are negating the そう which means "in that way or manner"

by adding +　じゃ　ありません to it

Just as we would to negate any Noun = which by definition is an uninflecting word.

Students sometimes think that the whole phrase is the way to negate something so they want to add そう　じゃ　ありません to an Adjective in the い or く-form、but that does not work either.

You cannot say

古く　＋　そう　じゃ　ありません.

The point is, you don't have to because you just inflect the い-Adjectives to its く-form and add the negation.

古く　ありません = not old

But な-Adjectives being Nouns, you cannot do anything to them as words. Nouns are nouns; they are what they are. No modifications accepted, thank you very much!

We negate Nouns by simply adding +

じゃ ありません or じゃ ないです. e.g. ,

学生　じゃ ありません = Not a student　

先生　じゃない です　= Not a professor

家　じゃ　ありません = It's not a House

それ は 家　じゃ ないです = That (thing) is not a House.

アパート　です = It's an Apartment

それは　ペン　じゃない です = That (thing) is not a pen.

えんぴつ　です = It's a pencil.

So, we would negate a な-Adjective the Same Way:

りっぱ　じゃ　ありません = It's Not Splendid

ゆうめい　じゃ　ありません = It's Not Famous

きれい な　家 じゃないです　= It's not a pretty house

We can remember that な-Adjectives are Nominal

Adjectivals hence "Na" becomes a mnemonic device.

とても is an "intensifying word" meaning "very"

so

とても いい = very good

とても 大きい　= very big

あまり means "Not Very"--as we saw with the last two Adverbs of Frequency, あまり and ぜんぜん

--BUT it must be used with a negative construction:

あまり　古るく　ありません = It is not very old.

あまり　よく　ありません = It is not very good.

あまり 大きく　ありません = It is not very big

If we want to know the qualities of something, to know what kind of _____ it is, we ask the

どんな？ question = What Kind of____is it?

どんな た てもの　ですか。 高い／きれいな　

どんな 大学　ですか。 いい／小さい／高い　

どんな ペン ですか。 あかい／あおい／くろい

BTW, どんな comes from another Ko, So, A, Do "set"

こんな = this kind of...

そんな = that kind of....

あんな = that kind of ____over there

どんな = what kind of_____?　

See p. 149 Activity 2

What kind of _____is good/Do you like?

家 (House)

どんな　家　が　いい　ですか？

And, also, the そう of

そう　じゃ　ありません yet another member of a family of Ko, So, A, Do words:

こう = In this way or manner　

そう = In that way　

ああ = In that way (over there)

どう = In what way/manner or HOW?

どう ですか = How is it?

NOTE: どう でしたか = How was it?

To answer this question correctly, we would need to know the past form of Adjectives which is another characteristic feature of い-Adjectives:

We can inflect い-Adjectives into the Past by removing the final い and then adding

+ かった e.g.

 

古 ＋ かった です = It was old.

But this inflecting of い-Adjectives into the Past comes up in L6.

Grammar IV = Something we already looked at

Loc に　Thing が　あります／います　

Similar to Thing は　Loc に　ありますwhich is used to Ask or Tell the Location of Something or Someone while

Loc に　Thing が　あります／います　is used to "set the scene," the backdrop in which Someone or Something Exists.

For example,

このへんに　新しい　スーパーが　あります。

Around here there is a new Supermarket.

このへん is therefore a LOCATION phrase, and the

に "fixes" or locates it in space, it "sets the scene" in which something is Located.

Note:

This pattern, with an あります verb, is slightly different from a です sentence:

スーパーは　新しい　です＝

The Supermarket is new.

So this is an "IS" sentence, and it is about the Supermarket.

ぎんこう　は　そこに　あります。

As for the Bank, it is located there.

In this pattern,

--the THING or PERSON we are talking about, what comes before the は, appears first,

--then it is Situated or Located with the verb of Existence/Location あります／いますThe に が Patterns Starts not with the Thing but the Location, the scene, the stage in which some thing or person exists あります／います.

Some Examples:

このへん に カフェが　あります =

Around here/In this vicinity, there is a Cafe.

 So this is about "around here" and what might be in existece there.

 

キャンパス に　どんな　たてもの　 が　ありますか.

On campus...

To answer, name some campus buildings

 

きょうしつ　に　だれ が　いますか. (Who? Students; Professor)

 

In the classroom....

 

きょうしつ　に　何が　ありますか.

(In the classroom, what is there? What exists in that Location?)

 

Let's make some「Loc に Object が　あります」Statements

 

Then, we can Transform to a Question ABOUT the Objects:　

「____は　どこ　に　ありますか」

 

 Statements:

「Loc に Object が　あります」

 

ざっし (Magazines)

Camera

Red Dictionary

Yellow Dictionary

Clock　

Little Clock

おいしそうなオレンジ

CDs

Dog

Spaghetti

Old Bookbag

Cat

Black Telephone

Eraser

Soba (Buckwheat Noodles)

TV

Blue Pen

Black Pen

Red Pen

Pencil

Red Pencil

Book -- Kanji Book

Chinese Language book

Japanese book

 

Question: As for the Japanese book, where is it?

 

日本語の本は　どこにありますか

 

 

We could also ask, "In some city, what (or who) is there?"

シアトル　に　何　が　ありますか.

パリ　に　何　が　あります.

ニューヨークに　何　が　ありますか.

ワシントンD.C.　に　何　が　ありますか.　

ワシントンD.C.　に　だれ　が　いますか.

ポートランド　に　何が　ありますか

 

 

 

Grammar V Particles ね and よ

1. ね = asks for agreement or confirmation: isn't it right/correct? So it seeks confirmation.

ね might also might indicate that people share the same information, opinions or feelings, thereby creating a bond between two speakers. Usually, when we see ね, it means the speaker fully expects the listener’s agreement, for example:

大きい　ですね。 きれい　ですね。 かばんは　たかい　ですね

Ookii desu ne. Kirei desu ne. Kaban wa takai desu ne.

It's big, isn't it? It's pretty, right? Thえ bag is expensive, isn’t it?

 

2. よ Emphatic or assumes listener's opnions are not the same as the speaker's. So it has the feel of imparting new information or correcting the listener's assumption. For example, speaker 1 below assumes something about the kanji quiz but the Listener corrects her faulty assumption:

今日　かんじクイズ　が　ありますね。

いいえ、月曜日に　ありますよ。

The final sentence ending particle, よ, is essentially the opposite of ne, it asserts a fact or new/correct information that the listener may not know.

Our text suggests that the particle is also translated as “I tell you,” but this is often left out of the English translation because we do not usually use that expression.

The particle is also sometimes used to answer questions using who/what/etc. as a means of emphasis.

"Where is the cat?"(ねこ　は　どこに　いますか.)

"It's right there!" (そこ に　います、よ！)

Here is a little video on these particles. On to Review of L5 and 6.